10 things that are important about vikings

·      They lived in Scandinavia, in a part made up of forests, and long rugged coastlines.

·      Their ships were covered in black tar so they could fill the holes so they wouldn’t sink

·      They had hallow shafts so they could get threw shallow waters

·      They used the sun and stars to plot their courses

·      They were successful traders

·      They had no central government

·      In battle the would send out bezerkers to help them

·      Their gods were fighting gods so it influenced them to fight

·      Traveled down rivers to attack enemies who thought they wouldn’t be attacked

·      The Danes a group of Vikings became Christian which made them less violent

Chapter 19

1) The Anglo-Saxons were made up of what three groups?
The Anglo-Saxons were made up of three groups called the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes.

2) How did Christianity come to the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England?
Christianity came to the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of England by Saint Patrick who studied to become a priest and later became a bishop. When he returned to Ireland he converted the people to Christianity. Later monasteries and missionaries went and spread Christianity through the rest of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms.

3) What did Alfred do to unite Anglo-Saxon England?
He made a treaty with the Danes.

4) Why did Alfred the Great pay the Danes to leave England alone?
He payed the Danes to leave England alone to give his own army time to prepare for war.

5) Why did the king set up local governments in England?
The king set up local governments in England, because the government was too weak to govern the whole country.

6) What were the duties of the nobles?
The duties of nobles were to attend the witenagemot, keep peace in local areas, and serve the king in war. Nobles became a nobel at birth or as a special service to the king.

7) Why did early English kinds divide the country into shires?  What were some of the jobs of the sheriff? 
They divided the country into shires because the government was too weak to govern as one. The sheriff collected money, enforced the law, called out soldiers when needed, and told the king what was happening in the shire.

8) How did the King's peace help unite England?
The kings peace helped untie England by making everyone was under is rule and not their own, this made crime low so everyone felt protected.

9) What was the purpose of witenagemot?
The purpose of the witenagemot was to talk over problems with the king. They approved laws drawn up by the king and his household. The witenagemot also acted as a court.

10) How did the English government develop under the Anglo-Saxons?
The king was selected from a royal family instead of the Church picking the new king. Under the king's rule, the people felt safe and protected, keeping them all united. Because there were so  many officials and the people felt so secure that the crime rate was low. This set up the government of England because they had a king instead of a democracy. 

11) Why did Anglo-Saxons unite under Alfred the Great?
They wanted to be under Alfred the Great because he was a strong ruler and he payed the Danes to leave them alone, attacked them, signed a treaty, and in the end he conquered the Danes. 

Chapter 18 section 2&3

1)   Why were the Frankish kings after Clovis weak?
The Frankish kings were weak because they spent most of there time dividing their land among their sons. The sons spent most of their time fighting over land so they were losing their power.

2)   Who was Charles Martel?  What did he do?  Why was he known as “The Hammer”?
Charles Martel was the most powerful mayor. He tried to reunite all the Frankish nobles under his rule. He was known as "The Hammer" because in war he would fight with a hammer.

3)   Why was the Battle of Tours a turning point in history?
The battle of Tours was a turning point in history because it let Christianity survive in Europe.

4)   What might western Europe have been like if the Arabs and Berbers had won the Battle of Tours?
They would have spread their religion and christianity would have died because everyone would be muslim.

5)   Who was Pepin?  How did he help the Pope?
Pepin was Charles Martel son, and he was mayor of the Palace. He helped the Pope by leading an army into Italy, and defeated the Lombards, and gave the land they held in central Italy to the Pope.

6)   Define anointed. 
Anointed- to be blessed by holy oil

  

World History Chapter 17 Section 3

1)   When did Pepin die?  Who were his sons?
Pepin died in 768. His sons were Carloman and Charles.

2)   Who was Charlemagne?  What did he do?  List the people he defeated in battle.  What does his name mean?
Charlemagne was a powerful leader. He wanted to bring all of western Europe under his rule. He also wanted all the Germanic people to become Christian. To achieve these he waged a series of wars. He defeated the Lombards, Saxons, and attempted to defeat the Muslims in Spain. His name means "Charles the Great."

3)   What was The Song of Roland about?
The Song of Roland was about the legend about Charlemagne's battles of the basques.

4)   Why was Charlemagne displeased that the Pope crowned him emperor?
Charlemagne was displeased because it made it seem the emperor's right to rule came from the Pope rather than directly from God.

5)   What was Charlemagne’s view of education?  What did he do to promote education in his empire?
Charlemagnes wanted people to be educated. He encouraged churches and monasteries to found schools.

6)   Who was Alcuin?  What did children study in the school set up by Alcuin?
Alcuin was a scholar. The children studied religion, Latin, music, literature, and arithmetic.

7)   What were some things that artists created under Charlemagne’s rule? 
They built palaces and churches around a large courtyard as the Romans did. Artists covered palace walls with pictures showing stories from the bible. They made book covers and ornamental weapons. They also decorated manuscripts copied by scholars.

8)   Describe estate life.
Lords and nobles were the most powerful people in Charlemagne's empire. They were descendants of Frankish Warriors and Roman landowners and their wealth came from grown or made from their estates. There were shoemakers, carpenters, and blacksmiths on each estate. There were also artisans who made weapons, cooking vessels, and jewelry. Lords lived in stone farmhouse, wooden stockades, or fences were built around the houses. Each farm house had a banquet hall, sleeping quarters, cellars, stables, storage places, and a small chapel. Farmers lived in small wooden houses in small villages on the estates. They worked in fields, vineyards, orchards, and forests around their village.

9)   How did farmers gradually become serfs?
The more farms did for the nobles the less they did for themselves.

10)  How did minstrels increase Charlemagne’s popularity?
He travled around singing and praising about how great he was.

11)  What did the Empire collapse after Charlemagne’s death?
They cared more about their own estates than about the good of the empire. They also refused to obey Louis the Pious Charlemagne's son.

12)  What might have prevented the collapse of Charlemagne’s government?
If the land hadn't split up and there was only one ruler it might have prevented the collapse.

Chapter 18 Section 1

1)   Why were people no longer interested in learning during the early middle ages?

People were no longer interested in learning because arts were damaged and thieves roamed the countryside and businesses slowed. 

2)   Why are the Franks important?

The Franks were important because they built a new civilization that is now France and Germany. Also, they were strong governors.

3)   Who was Clovis?  How did Clovis become Christian? 

Clovis was cruel and greedy, a good general, and an able king. He brought all the Franks under one rule. Clovis was the first Germanic king to accept the Catholic religion. Clovis became christian by he was not happy with the Frankish gods they never helped him win battles even though he prayed to them faithfully. So, he decided that if he defeated the enemy he would become Christian. 

4)   What happened after Clovis became Christian?

When Clovis became Christian the Franks followed his example and he gained the support of the Romans in his Kingdom. The Franks then began to speaking a Latin language that later became the modern French language. After, they all were practicing the same religion, speaking the same language, and they all felt reunited. 

5)   Why was it important that the Pope gave Clovis his support?

6)   Why were the Franks more successful at governing than other Germanic peoples?

The Franks were more successful at governing than other Germanic people because  they lived in an area were they lived was close to their homeland, and they felt more fairly secure.

7)   What modern nations developed out of the civilization built by the Franks?

The modern nations developed out of the civilization built by the Franks was France and Germany. 

If I were a chieftain

           If I were a chieftain, I would keep peace among all my warriors. My warriors will be strong; if they need food or shelter I will give it to them. I will give my men leadership, weapons, and a chance for wealth and adventure. In battle I will fight for victory. I will be brave and make sure my men are brave warriors themselves. Those of my men who die, will leave their shields on the battlefield. We will work as a team and win the battle or die fighting.

The Conquerors

1) Who were the Goths?
The Goths were Germanic people who lived in the Balkan Peninsula of Europe, they were divided into two groups called Ostrogoths and Visigoths.

2) Discuss the Battle of Adrianople?  Why was it important?  When did it happen?
It happened in 378 and it was important because it marked the beginning of the end of the Roman empire.

3) Where did the Goths end up?
The Goths ended up in North Africa.

4) Who were the Vandals?
The Vandals were a German pirates group from Balkan Peninsula of Europe.

5) What English world did the Vandals inspire?  Why?


6) Who was Adducer?
A German general who ruled the western empire for 15 years. He was killed by the East Goths when they invaded Italy.

7) Who was Theodoric?
Theodoric was the leader of Eastern Goths.

8) What happened to the Roman Empire in the West by 550 C.E.?
It faded away and in its place were six major and a great many minor Germanic kingdoms.

pg. 273 #1-8

1) The Germans began to move south toward the Roman Empire for protection.
2) The Germans could cross the boards of the roman empire so they could be safe but they had to give up their weapons.
3) They showed their loyalty to their chieftain by carrying a shield every where they went. Also, by giving them credit for the jobs soldiers did.
4) They believe that they would go to Valhalla and have a feast forever.
5) According to German beliefs the law came from the emperor.
6) The reason for the German ordeal by water
7) The west Goths wanted to enter Rome for safety and protection because the Huns were after them.
8) In 476 A.D Odoacer ruled for fifteen years until he was killed by the eastern Goths.

The Germans

1) Describe the village life of the early Germans.
The villages were surround by farmlands and pastures. Houses in the villages were long thatched roof huts with an open space around them. The family lived in one end of the hut and the other end was for the animals. The animals body heat helped warm the hut during the cold winters. Wooden tables and benches along the wall were the only furniture. They made their living herding cattle, and it provided their food and clothing. 
2) What did the Germans grow?
They grew barley, rye, wheat, beans, and peas.
3) What were the Germans view of hospitality?
Their view on hospitality was so strong that it was against the law to turn people away. Invited guest and strangers were welcomed, fed, and entertained. 
4) How were the German tribes organized?
The German tribes were organized by clans that were based on family ties. THe gave their greatest loyalty to the clan. Later they developed a strong feeling towards a military leader called a chieftain. In the beginning a chieftain was elected by a band of warriors but later it became hereditary.  
5) Who was Theodoric the Great?
Theodoric the great was a king of the East Goths. They were the Germanic people from eastern Europe.
6) Who was Woden?  Thor?
Woden was a chief god, he was the god of war, poetry, learning, and magic.Thor was the son of Woden and he was the god of thunder. Germans believed that the sound of thunder came from Thor's chariot wheels.
7) What was Valhalla?
The Germans believed that goddesses carried the spirits of dead warriors that died in battle. IN the hall of Wodan, called Valhalla the warriors would feast and fight forever. 
8) Discuss blood fueds, oath-helpers and wergeld.

Blood feud- quarrels in which the families of the original fighters seek revenge. Resolved by judges
oath-helper- people who swore that the accused was telling the truth
wergeld-fines issued by a court.

9) How did the Germans' love of battle and laws influence their society?
It managed to keep the peace despite how cruel and unfair the laws were.

Review Questions

1) The Etruscans - why were they important?  What did they give to the Romans?  Who were important Etruscans? 
 The Etruscans were important because they gave the romans the alphabet. Also, they dug tunnels to drain the fields. Lucius Tarquinius was the first ruler of Rome. 

2) The Roman Republic - what is important about the Roman Republic?  Who were important figures in the Republic and what did they do?  What were the Punic Wars all about?  Who was Hannibal?  How did the Republic end?
The Roman Republic was important because there were two different classes the Patricians and the Plebians. Also, they chose consuls members who were chosen each year, 300 men called Senators who were chosen for life. The important figures in the Republic were the consuls and they ruled the Republic. The punic wars were a series of three wars fought over a clashing between the Romans and the Carthaginians. Hannibal was a military leader whose army won several battles before heading to the gates of Rome. The Republic ended because the Romans started to demand taxes and the gap between rich and poor grew and everyone hated each other. 

3) What is important about Julius Caesar?  Why should we remember him?
Julius Caesar was important because he brought about many reforms. He should be remembered because he expanded  the Roman Empire. He made a calendar based on the Egyptian one that we still use today.

4) What is important about Augustus Caesar?  Why should we remember him?
Augustus was important because he brought the Pax Romana to Rome. We should remember him because he brought peace. 


5) What was the Pax Romana?  How did it come to an end? 
The Pax Romana was when peace was brought by Rome. It came to end when Alexander the great took over. 

6) How did the Roman Empire come to an end?
The Roman Empire came to an end because  

Understanding Ideas 1-8

How did Augustus make life safer for people living in Rome? 
 Augustus made life safer in Rome by clearing the Mediterranean Sea of pirates. He wrote strict laws to govern the way people behaved in public.  He set up a fire brigade and a police force.

How did increased trade during the Pax Romana affect the Romans?
With increased trade the people became rich and had more business.

Why did the Romans change the laws set down in the Twelve Tables?
The Romans changed the laws set down in the Twelve Tables because so many things were changing in Rome, and the times were different.

Why was it important to make Roman law standardized across the empire?
It was important to make Roman law standardized so that procedures were the same in all parts of the empire and Rome could govern the large area successfully.

What happened to some animal species as a result of the public games?
5,000 animal species were killed in one single day, so soon the Mesopotamian lion and North African elephant species were wiped out.

How did the Praetorian Guard contribute to the empire's decline?
The Praetorian Gaur contributed to the empire's decline by killing the emperor and selling the position to the highest bidder.

Why did Diocletian divide the Roman Empire in two?
The Empire spilt in two because he thought it was to large for one person to govern by themselves.

What were the main reasons for the fall of the Roman Empire?
The main reasons for the fall of the Roman Empire was political, economic, and foreign enemies. There was no thing that said who would rule after the emperor's death. Also, to keep soldiers happy emperors paid them a high wage, which resulted in higher taxes. While they were fighting over taxes the land was open for attack.

Chapter !4 sections 1-3

Chapter 14 Section 1

            At the head of the roman republic there were two consuls, they were chosen each year. These consuls were administrators and military leaders.  They had the power to veto or to say no of acts of others. They both had to agree before any laws were passed.

There was then a Senate, it was made of three hundred people called senators. They were chosen for life and they handled daily problems in the government. They advised the consuls and the discussed ways to deal with other countries, proposed laws, and approved public contracts for building roads and temples

Judges, assemblies, and tribunes protected the rights of the plebeians. All roman citizens belonged to assemblies. Which could declare war or agree to peace terms.

Until 450 B.C. roman laws were not written down they were carved into bronze tablets. The laws both applied to plebeians and patricians. The laws became future Roman laws.

In about 250 B.C no one could be sold into slavery and plebeians could hold public office.

Chapter 14 Section 2

After the Romans had a Republic they worked to protect it. The were afraid the Etruscans would take over. So, they crossed the Tiber River and conquered several Etruscan cities. To protect their bordered land they either conquered their neighbors or became alliances with them.

In 290 B.C. Rome was the leading power in Central Italy, they ruled the whole peninsula. Romans organized a strong army into legions. Each legion had 5,000 soldiers called legionaries and they were divided into groups of 60 to 120 soldiers. The legion had several advantages over the phalanx. They could move fast, and they only fought from one direction.

 Each legionary depended on his own fighting ability. Legionaries were well trained, they spent hours practicing, they went on a long march everyday, and before going to sleep they had to build complete fortified camps. Romans were mild rulers and as a result many enemies of Rome became loyal Rome allies.

Chapter 14 Section 3

In 260 B.C.  the Romans became in contact with  Carthage and they wanted Sicily’s granaries. They broke out into a twenty-three yearlong fight.  The Romans built a ship like the Carthaginians but added a corvus, a kind of movable bridge to the front of the ship. They could not out sail the Carthaginians but could out fight them. After losing many ships and soldiers the Romans won the first Punic War.

In 218 B.C the second Punic war began. At the time General Hannibal Barca led the Carthaginians and they attacked the Roman Army. After winning victory after victory they fought their way to the gates of Rome. When the Carthaginians got to Rome they didn’t have the heavy equipment needed to take down the city walls. When they weren’t able to take down Rome they roamed around the countryside of southern Italy for 15 years. They raided and burned down crops and town until the Romans attacked Carthage. Carthage agreed to Rome a huge sum of money and give up all their territories including Spain.

There was peace for about 50 years. Then, Carthage started showing signs of regaining power. To prevent this the Romans in 149 B.C, this was the third Punic War. The Romans burned Carthage and killed the Carthaginians or sold them into slavery.

In 146 people of the Greek City State of Corinth and some allies refused to obey Roman order.  The Romans attacked Corinth and burned it to the ground. Rome became the leading power of the Mediterranean world.

Chapter 13 section 3

1) Who was the first Etruscan ruler of Rome?
The first Etruscan ruler of Rome was Lucius Tarquinius.

2) What customs did the Romans borrow from the Etruscans?
Some customs the Romans borrowed from the Etruscans was the fights of enslaved people at Etruscan funerals. Also, they learned the triumph, a parade like welcome.

3) What religious beliefs did the Etruscans introduce to the Romans?
Etruscans introduced the soothsayers and gods with human forms to the Romans.

4) What were gladiatorial games?
The gladiatorial games were an amusing fight between armed men, men and animals, women and dwarfs, and between animals.

Chapter 13 section 2

1) What the Etruscans were known for

The Etruscans were known for being pirates or "people of the sea", traders, and they were the first highly civilized people of Italy.

 2) What they grew

•    Barley

•    Millet

•    Wheat

•    Grapes and other fruits

 3) What they did for occupations

They were famers, minors, traders, sculptos, and pirates.

 4) What their cities were like

 There were three classes upper class was made up of wealthy land owners, nobles, and priests. The middle class was made up of farmers, traders, and city workers. The lower class was made up of slaves. The rich lived in rectangular, one-story made of sun-dried brick. They had pebble paved streets and a draining system leading to a main drain system. They had broad walled courtyards without roofs. 

 5) What their Daily life and Religion was like, and

They played games similar to chess and backgammon. Women were aloud to participate in public celebrations and they could own their own property. They enjoyed sports like boxing, wrestling, running, and horse racing. Also, they liked to dance and they played music with the double flute and the lyre. 

6) What they borrow from the Greeks.

They learned the alphabet and the form of fighting the phalanx.