Understanding Ideas 1-8

How did Augustus make life safer for people living in Rome? 
 Augustus made life safer in Rome by clearing the Mediterranean Sea of pirates. He wrote strict laws to govern the way people behaved in public.  He set up a fire brigade and a police force.

How did increased trade during the Pax Romana affect the Romans?
With increased trade the people became rich and had more business.

Why did the Romans change the laws set down in the Twelve Tables?
The Romans changed the laws set down in the Twelve Tables because so many things were changing in Rome, and the times were different.

Why was it important to make Roman law standardized across the empire?
It was important to make Roman law standardized so that procedures were the same in all parts of the empire and Rome could govern the large area successfully.

What happened to some animal species as a result of the public games?
5,000 animal species were killed in one single day, so soon the Mesopotamian lion and North African elephant species were wiped out.

How did the Praetorian Guard contribute to the empire's decline?
The Praetorian Gaur contributed to the empire's decline by killing the emperor and selling the position to the highest bidder.

Why did Diocletian divide the Roman Empire in two?
The Empire spilt in two because he thought it was to large for one person to govern by themselves.

What were the main reasons for the fall of the Roman Empire?
The main reasons for the fall of the Roman Empire was political, economic, and foreign enemies. There was no thing that said who would rule after the emperor's death. Also, to keep soldiers happy emperors paid them a high wage, which resulted in higher taxes. While they were fighting over taxes the land was open for attack.

Chapter !4 sections 1-3

Chapter 14 Section 1

            At the head of the roman republic there were two consuls, they were chosen each year. These consuls were administrators and military leaders.  They had the power to veto or to say no of acts of others. They both had to agree before any laws were passed.

There was then a Senate, it was made of three hundred people called senators. They were chosen for life and they handled daily problems in the government. They advised the consuls and the discussed ways to deal with other countries, proposed laws, and approved public contracts for building roads and temples

Judges, assemblies, and tribunes protected the rights of the plebeians. All roman citizens belonged to assemblies. Which could declare war or agree to peace terms.

Until 450 B.C. roman laws were not written down they were carved into bronze tablets. The laws both applied to plebeians and patricians. The laws became future Roman laws.

In about 250 B.C no one could be sold into slavery and plebeians could hold public office.

Chapter 14 Section 2

After the Romans had a Republic they worked to protect it. The were afraid the Etruscans would take over. So, they crossed the Tiber River and conquered several Etruscan cities. To protect their bordered land they either conquered their neighbors or became alliances with them.

In 290 B.C. Rome was the leading power in Central Italy, they ruled the whole peninsula. Romans organized a strong army into legions. Each legion had 5,000 soldiers called legionaries and they were divided into groups of 60 to 120 soldiers. The legion had several advantages over the phalanx. They could move fast, and they only fought from one direction.

 Each legionary depended on his own fighting ability. Legionaries were well trained, they spent hours practicing, they went on a long march everyday, and before going to sleep they had to build complete fortified camps. Romans were mild rulers and as a result many enemies of Rome became loyal Rome allies.

Chapter 14 Section 3

In 260 B.C.  the Romans became in contact with  Carthage and they wanted Sicily’s granaries. They broke out into a twenty-three yearlong fight.  The Romans built a ship like the Carthaginians but added a corvus, a kind of movable bridge to the front of the ship. They could not out sail the Carthaginians but could out fight them. After losing many ships and soldiers the Romans won the first Punic War.

In 218 B.C the second Punic war began. At the time General Hannibal Barca led the Carthaginians and they attacked the Roman Army. After winning victory after victory they fought their way to the gates of Rome. When the Carthaginians got to Rome they didn’t have the heavy equipment needed to take down the city walls. When they weren’t able to take down Rome they roamed around the countryside of southern Italy for 15 years. They raided and burned down crops and town until the Romans attacked Carthage. Carthage agreed to Rome a huge sum of money and give up all their territories including Spain.

There was peace for about 50 years. Then, Carthage started showing signs of regaining power. To prevent this the Romans in 149 B.C, this was the third Punic War. The Romans burned Carthage and killed the Carthaginians or sold them into slavery.

In 146 people of the Greek City State of Corinth and some allies refused to obey Roman order.  The Romans attacked Corinth and burned it to the ground. Rome became the leading power of the Mediterranean world.

Chapter 13 section 3

1) Who was the first Etruscan ruler of Rome?
The first Etruscan ruler of Rome was Lucius Tarquinius.

2) What customs did the Romans borrow from the Etruscans?
Some customs the Romans borrowed from the Etruscans was the fights of enslaved people at Etruscan funerals. Also, they learned the triumph, a parade like welcome.

3) What religious beliefs did the Etruscans introduce to the Romans?
Etruscans introduced the soothsayers and gods with human forms to the Romans.

4) What were gladiatorial games?
The gladiatorial games were an amusing fight between armed men, men and animals, women and dwarfs, and between animals.

Chapter 13 section 2

1) What the Etruscans were known for

The Etruscans were known for being pirates or "people of the sea", traders, and they were the first highly civilized people of Italy.

 2) What they grew

•    Barley

•    Millet

•    Wheat

•    Grapes and other fruits

 3) What they did for occupations

They were famers, minors, traders, sculptos, and pirates.

 4) What their cities were like

 There were three classes upper class was made up of wealthy land owners, nobles, and priests. The middle class was made up of farmers, traders, and city workers. The lower class was made up of slaves. The rich lived in rectangular, one-story made of sun-dried brick. They had pebble paved streets and a draining system leading to a main drain system. They had broad walled courtyards without roofs. 

 5) What their Daily life and Religion was like, and

They played games similar to chess and backgammon. Women were aloud to participate in public celebrations and they could own their own property. They enjoyed sports like boxing, wrestling, running, and horse racing. Also, they liked to dance and they played music with the double flute and the lyre. 

6) What they borrow from the Greeks.

They learned the alphabet and the form of fighting the phalanx.

The founding or Rome

        The founding of Rome all started after the fall of troy, were the gods ordered a Trojan Prince named Aeneas, to lead his people to the promise land. They then joined forces with the Latins. A latin princess then gave birth to twins fathered by Mars. The princess had to be punished though because she had promised to never have children. The sons Romulus and Remus were then left on a bank of the Tiber River to die. A she wolf then found them and took care of them, until one day a shepherd killed they she wolf and discovered Romulus and Remus. The shepherd then took him to his house and as they got older they decided build a city on the Tiber River. They let the gods chose who should be the ruler of the city. The boys then went to the tops of two different hills and waited for a sign from the gods. Then 12 vultures flew over the Palatine. Romulus was at the top of the Palatine so he thought he should be king. Romulus and Remus fought and Remus was killed. Romulus then became king and named the city Rome.

Greeks

1) Who was Socrates and How did he teach people how to think?
Socrates was a 70 year-old athenian philosopher who was interested in the thinking process. He would taught people how to think by asking them questions that led them to a final conclusion. 

2) What did philosophia mean to the ancient Greeks?
A philosophia means studying the laws of nature.

3) What was the Socratic Method?
The Socratic Method was a thinking process by asking questions that lead to a step by step conclusion or truth. 

4) Why was Socrates brought to trial?
Socrates was brought to trial because he was disrespecting the gods and was trying to take over the government. 

5) List some quotes about ethical or moral living attributed to Socrates.
"Wealth does not bring goodness. But goodness brings wealth and every blessing, both to the citizen and to the polis."

6) How did Socrates die?
Socrates died by drinking the poisonous hemlock juice. 

7) Who was Plato?
Plato was one of Socrates pupils and he also was an Athenian aristocrat. 

8) What school did Plato found?
Plato founded the school of Academy.

9) Name two books that Plato wrote.
Two books that Plato wrote were The Republic and The Dialogues. 

10) Who was Aristotle?  What did he do?
Aristotle was one of Plato's pupils and he was the first to classify or group together plants and animals that resemble each other.

11) What is syllogism?  Give an example of one.  Who invented it?
Syllogism is using three related statements and the third is the conclusion of the statements. 
Example: Athenians are Greeks
               Socrates is an Athenian
               Therefore, Socrates is Greek
Aristotle invented syllogism. 

12) Who developed the first two steps of the scientific method?
Thales developed the first two steps of the first two steps of the scientific method. 

13) Who developed the Hippocratic Oath?  What is the Hippocratic Oath?
The Hippocratic Oath was developed by Hippocrates a doctor. The Hippocratic Oath was a a list of rules for doctors to use their skills to help the patients. They would promise to honor their teachers, do their best for the sick, never give poisons, and keep their secrets of their patients. 

Greeks

1)   Why did many Greeks go to the oracles?
Greeks went to the oracles for advice.

2)   What was the oracle at Delphi?
The famous oracle at Delphi was a woman. She was under the temple of Apollo and people went there to ask her questions an advice.

3)   How, in the worship of the Gods, were the Greeks different than earlier groups of people?
Greeks were different from earlier groups because they didn't go in the temple they believed it was the home to the god, so they prayed outside.

4)   Name six Greek gods and what they controlled.
Demeter- Goddess of crops, giver of grain and fruit
Poseidon- God of the sea and earthquakes
Aphrodite- Goddess of love and beauty
Artemis- Goddess of the moon
Hephaestus- God of fire and artisans

5)   The Olympic Games where held where and to honor who?
The Olympic games were held in honor of the god Zeus.

6)   List four events, with descriptions, held during the Olympic Games.
Four olympic games were chariot racing, boxing, pancratium a combination between boxing and wrestling.

7)   When was the 1st Olympic Games held?
The first Olympic game was held was in 776 B.C.

8)   Who were the three great writers of tragedy?
The three great writers of tragedy were Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides. Aeschylus wrote about power and its effect on people. Sophocles showed that people suffered because of their mistakes. Euripides tried to show that people suffered from doing bad things.

9)   What were comedies originally about?
Comedies were mostly about making fun of certain politicians or polis who were usually in the audience. After, comedies then started making fun of a certain person like a son who wastes money or an enslaved person who plots against a master.

Minoans

1) Where did the Minoans live?
The Minoans lived in Crete an island in the Mediterranean Sea.
2) What did they grow?  What were they known for?
They grew wheat, olives, grapes and barley. Minoans were known for wood and metal working skills.
3) What types of sports did the Minoans practice?
The Minoans practiced boxing and bull leaping.
4) What was a labyrinth?
Labyrinth was a maze with many passageways.
5) How did Minoans get into their houses?
Minoans had to go through their roof to get into their house.
6) What were some things sacred to the Minoans?
Some sacred things the Minoans believed in was lily was the sacred flower, double axe, and the dove is the sacred bird.
7) Recount the Legend of Theseus and the Minotaur?
Theseus was supposed to be a sacrifice to the Minotaur, but he killed the Minotaur with a magical sword.

Athens

1) Where was Athens located?
On the Aegean coast 
2) Why did Athens change its government?
The one they had only gave a few people ruling power and not many people wanted that kind of government.
3) Who was Draco and Solon?  What did they do?
Draco was the first to attempt to fix the government. Solon was the second and he seceded.
4) Who created the world's first Democratic Constitution?
Cleisthenes
5) What was the Council of 500?  How were its members chosen?
It handled the daily business of Athens. Members were chosen year by lot.
6)  Describe the Battle of Marathon.
It was an ambush that the Marathons people were no ready for.
7) How did the Greeks eventually defeat the Persians?
The Greeks tricked the Persians to go into a narrow straight so the Greeks could take the ships on a few at a time.
8) Who was Pericles?
 Was the Main leader of Athens.
9) What was the Peloponnesian War and what was its outcome?  
It was the war that lead to the decline of most of the Greeks. 

Spartans and Polis

1)What was the acropolis and what stood there?
 The acropolis was at first made up of farming villages, fields, and orchards grouped around a fortified hill. A temple of the local god stood there. 

2) The average city-state, or polis, contained how many people?
In Polis there were 5,00 to 10,000 citizens. 

3) How was Sparta's government formed?
The Spartans had two kings that ruled together, but had little power. There duties were to lead the army and conduct religious ceremonies. Only aristocrats could be Spartan citizens and citizens over twenty were in the Assembly. The Assembly passed laws and decided questions of war and peace.  Each year the Assembly chose five managers known as ephors. Ephors took charge in public affairs and guided the education of young Spartans. Council of elders helped the ephors. The council was made up of men over sixty and they ruled for life. They suggested laws to the Assembly and served as a high court.

4) Who ruled Sparta? 
The aristocrats took over the government and were two kings that had very little power, but the lead the army and conducted religious ceremonies. 

5) Who were the helots and what did they do in Sparta?
The helots were enslaved people owned by the city-states, they worked the land because Spartans had little interest in farming. 

6)  Discuss, or outline, the life of a Spartan boy.

When a baby is born it is checked if it doesn’t have any physical defects. If it does have defects then it is left on the hillside to die or be adopted by complete strangers. If they were healthy they were bathed in wine.
At the age of 7 the boys were taken from their homes and they were to be given to the government to learn how to read, write, and use weapons. They were taught to do battle mostly by teenagers. They had to go barefoot and were given only one cloak to wear. They walked in silence, with their eyes to the ground, and spoke only when necessary. The boys slept outside without cover, and every ten days they were checked if they were not getting fat. Spartan men were expected to merry at 20 years of age but they could not live with their wives until age 30. Then they could retire at age 60 from the army.

7)  Discuss the life of a Sparta woman.  How were Spartan women more free than other Greek women at the time? 
 A Spartan women were able to mix freely with men and do sports. Spartan woman had more freedom than the women of other greek women.

8) Explain the quote, "Come home with your shield or on it".  How does this quote reinforce Spartan ideas?
This meant that the men were to come home with the shield on them or die and be carried on the shield home.

Spatans

The Spartans lived in the South-central region of Greece, in an area called Peloponnesus.   

1)   Why are Spartans important?

Spartans are important because they were very skillful in war fair and tough. The actions of Spartan military were important because told us that with strength it over comes fear and tells you to never give up.

2)   What was their form of government?

The Spartans had two kings that ruled together, but had little power. There duties were to lead the army and conduct religious ceremonies. Only aristocrats could be Spartan citizens and citizens over twenty were in the Assembly. The Assembly passed laws and decided questions of war and peace.  Each year the Assembly chose five managers known as ephors. Ephors took charge in public affairs and guided the education of young Spartans. Council of elders helped the ephors. The council was made up of men over sixty and they ruled for life. They suggested laws to the Assembly and served as a high court.

3)   What did the Spartans leave us?

The Spartans left us a strong form of government and brought new and good ideas about army.

Facts about Spartans

·      The only way a Spartan could get their names on their headstones were if they died in battle or childbirth, this is a great honor to the state of the Spartans.

·      Once a baby was born they would wash it in wine, to make sure it was strong.

·      Spartan women were so famous for the rearing of children, that rich families hired them.

·      They would check the boys weekly to make sure they didn’t gain any fat.

·      The people who trained them were other teenagers
·      Spartans had very little interest in farming. Their land was worked by helots
·      They were not interested in trade
·      There were twenty times as many helots then there were aristocrats.
·      Spartan women had more freedom than the women of other Greek city states
·      They could mix freely with other me
·      They loved to play sports like wrestling and racing

·      Spartans believed new ideas would weaken their way of life

·      When every body was changing their way of life they remained a poor farming society that depended on slaves

Story From Spartan Life

A Spartan boy life,
When a baby is born it is checked if it doesn’t have any physical defects. If it does have defects then it is left on the hillside to die or be adopted by complete strangers. If they were healthy they were bathed in wine.
At the age of 7 the boys were taken from their homes and they were to be given to the government to learn how to read, write, and use weapons. They were taught to do battle mostly by teenagers. They had to go barefoot and were given only one cloak to wear. They walked in silence, with their eyes to the ground, and spoke only when necessary. The boys slept outside without cover, and every ten days they were checked if they were not getting fat. Spartan men were expected to merry at 20 years of age but they could not live with their wives until age 30. Then they could retire at age 60 from the army.